• Vasco da Gama discovered an all-water route

from Europe to India.

• Ferdinand Magellan’s crew circumnavigated

the globe.

• Issac Newton defined the forces of gravity.

These events relate most directly to

(1) revised understandings of natural surroundings

(2) questioning the benefits of the mercantile

system

(3) increased suspicion between different religions

(4) development of new manufacturing techniques