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Answer is: C. nuclear fission.

Nuclear fission is a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay where nucleus of atom split into smaller ligher nuclei.

Nuclear fission is exothermic reaction which release large amounts of energy (electromagnetic radiation or as kinetic energy, which heat reactors where fission reaction take place).

Answer: The process of splitting of an atom into two lighter atoms is called is called nuclear fission.

Explanation:

There are two types of nuclear decay reactions:

  • Nuclear fission reactions: They are defined as the reaction in which, the heavier atoms splits into two or more lighter atoms. The number of atoms formed in this reaction increases from the given atoms.
  • Nuclear fusion reactions: They are defined as the reaction in which, two or more lighter atoms combine to form a heavier atom. The number of atoms formed in this reaction decreases from the given atoms.

Hence, the process of splitting of an atom into two lighter atoms is called is called nuclear fission.

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