Letter D. is the answer. Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen cycles are bio-geochemical cycles.
Biogeochemical cycle or cycling of substances or substance turnover is a
pathway by which a chemical substance moves through biotic and abiotic
compartments of the Earth: lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere.
The term biogeochemical tells that biological (bio) and geological (geo) and
chemical factors are all involved. The circulation of chemical nutrients such
as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, calcium and water by biological and
physical world constitute the biogeochemical cycles. As an effect, the element
is recycled, although in some cycles there may be reservoirs where the element
is accumulated/ held for a long period like ocean or lake for water.
