First off, this should be under bio not physics...
1) Dehydration synthesis. For proteins: When two single amino acids connect to form a larger dipeptide, the hydroxide group from one amino acid connects with a hydrogen from the other amino acid. This forms the biproduct of H2O, or water (The OH and H bond to form H2O). Dehydration synthesis DOES NOT only occur in proteins, it can occur in carbohydrates and other macromolecules as well.
2) Carbohydrates provide for short-term energy. They play a major role in cellular respiration.
Proteins serve many functions throughout your body. They can take the role of enzymes (speeding up and regulating reactions). There are also structural proteins that make up ligaments in your body. Finally, there are also defensive proteins, such as antibodies and signal proteins.
Lipids are more for long-term energy storage. Storing lipids is much more effective than storing carbohydrates. A single gram of lipids can store twice as much energy as a single gram of carbohydrates. Lipids (fats and oils) also serve to cushion your vital organs.
3) Cellulose and glycogen are usually very branched out. On the other hand, starch and sugars are usually unbranched; a single straight line.
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