• Battle of Saratoga (1777)

• Battle of Gettysburg (1863)

• Battle of Midway (1942)

One way in which these battles are similar is that

in each battle

(1) American forces suffered serious defeats

(2) large numbers of civilian casualties led to

renewed peace efforts

(3) a United States victory was a turning point in

the war

(4) the general in command later became

president