Base your answers to questions 31 and 32 on the

passage below and on your knowledge of social

studies.

The privilege of opening the first trial in history

for crimes against the peace of the world imposes

a grave responsibility. The wrongs which we seek

to condemn and punish have been so calculated,

so malignant, and so devastating, that civilization

cannot tolerate their being ignored, because it

cannot survive their being repeated. That four

great nations, flushed with victory and stung with

injury stay [stop] the hand of vengeance and

voluntarily submit their captive enemies to the

judgment of the law is one of the most significant

tributes that Power has ever paid to Reason.…

— Chief Prosecutor Robert H. Jackson,

November 21, 1945, Nuremberg

The wrongs referred to in this passage include

the

(1) occupation of Ethiopia by Italy

(2) invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union

(3) mass murder of Jews and others in

concentration camps

(4) deaths of American soldiers during the

Bataan Death March