Verified Answer :

when you are dealing with any function f(x)=x^w,

a vertical shift is:

f(x) = x^w+c (shift up)

therefore the answer is:  A. f(x) + k

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Given the function \(f(x) = x^2\) and k = –3, consider all options:

A. \(f(x)+k=x^2-3\) - this is translation down 3 units;

B. \(kf(x)=-3x^2\) - this is reflection across the x-axis and stretch in the y-direction;

C. \(f(x+k)=(x-3)^2\) - this is translation 3 units to the right;

D. \(f(kx)=(-3x)^2\) - this is compression it in the x-direction.

The only possible option with vertical shift is option A.

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