Answer:
The correct answer to the question: Which mode(s) of novel characterize(s) mankind as "human animals", is C: Naturalism.
Explanation:
Literary Naturalism initiates around the 19th century, in its late years, and it is characterized by its rejection, together with Realism, from the up-to-that-moment literary movement of Romanticism. In essence, this break comes when both Naturalism and Realism reject the ideas of emotion, the supernatural, romatization of the human being and nature, the dependence on simple and passionate emotions, in favor of the scientific, of logic, and of a view towards humans that was more like objects in an experiment, than subjects. In fact, pushed by psychological theories like those of Freud, and the principles of Darwinism, Naturalism, particularly, begin to view man more as related to animals, even compared to animals, rather than as superior, elevated beings, that had been the essence of Romanticism. They establish that men, are no better than animals, as they too are dependent on heredity and the environment, just like animals are.
