Caesar crushed Pompey and his supporters. He
then swept around
the Mediterranean, suppressing
rebellions. "Veni
, vidi, vici"-"I came, I
saw, I
conquered" he
announced after one
victory. Later,
returning to Rome
, he forced the senate to make
him dictator. Although
he maintained the
senate
and other features
of the republic, he was in fact
the
absolute ruler of Rome.
Caesar's Reforms Between 48 B.C. and 44 B.C.,
Caesar pushed through a
number of reforms
intended to deal with Rome's
many problems
. He
launched a program of public works
to employ the
jobless and gave public land
to the poor. He also
reorganized the government of
the provinces and
granted Roman citizenship to more
people.
Caesar's most lasting reform was the introduction
of a new calendar based on that of the
Egyptians.
The Roman calendar, later named the Julian
calendar, was used in Western Europe for more
than 1,600 years. With minor changes, it is still our
calendar today.
The Death of Caesar Caesar's enemies worried
that he planned to make himself king of Rome.
To save the republic, they plotted against him. In
March of 44 B.C., as Caesar arrived in the senate, his
enemies stabbed him to death.
The death of Julius Caesar plunged Rome into a
new round of civil wars. Mark Antony, Caesar's chief
general, and Octavian (ahk TAH vee uhn), Caesar's
gran
Cleopatra of Egypt.
in the
murderers. The two men soon quarreled, setting
another bitter struggle for power. In 31 B.C.,
Octa
finally defeated Antony and his powerful
a
DRAW
CONCLUSIONS How
did the military
structure of the late Roman republic contribute
to
rise of Julius Caesar?
ally, Que
title
The Roman Empire
of Augustus (aw GUHS tuhs), or Exalted One, and
The senate gave
the
triumphant Octavian the t
declared him princeps, or first citizen. Although
he was careful not to call himself king, a
title that
Romans
had hated since
Etruscan times,
Augustus
exercised absolute power and named
his s
Under Augustus, who ruled
until A.D. 14, the
500
-year-old republic came to an end. Romans
did
not know it at the time, but a
new
age had
dawned-the age of the Roman empire
. Augustus
just as a king would do.
was its first emperor.
successor
Augustus Reforms Government Through firm
but moderate policies, Augustus laid the
foundation
for a stable government, helping
Rome to
recover
from its endless civil wars
. He left the
senate in
place and created
an efficient, well-
trained civil
Comparing Struct
Two Consuls
9
annually elected
ROM
⚫ held equal power
>>
Senate
9
HIGH
GO
issued advisory decr
to magistrates and
• in practice, held
enormous power
• had about 300 me
Analyze Charts The
the Roman republic and t
of government would be
service to enforce the
open to men of talen
addition, he cement.
provinces to Rome b
of self-government.
Augustus also u
make the tax syste
or population coun
be records of all wh
postal service and
easier. He put the
temples and sent
Summarize
then swept around
the Mediterranean, suppressing
rebellions. "Veni
, vidi, vici"-"I came, I
saw, I
conquered" he
announced after one
victory. Later,
returning to Rome
, he forced the senate to make
him dictator. Although
he maintained the
senate
and other features
of the republic, he was in fact
the
absolute ruler of Rome.
Caesar's Reforms Between 48 B.C. and 44 B.C.,
Caesar pushed through a
number of reforms
intended to deal with Rome's
many problems
. He
launched a program of public works
to employ the
jobless and gave public land
to the poor. He also
reorganized the government of
the provinces and
granted Roman citizenship to more
people.
Caesar's most lasting reform was the introduction
of a new calendar based on that of the
Egyptians.
The Roman calendar, later named the Julian
calendar, was used in Western Europe for more
than 1,600 years. With minor changes, it is still our
calendar today.
The Death of Caesar Caesar's enemies worried
that he planned to make himself king of Rome.
To save the republic, they plotted against him. In
March of 44 B.C., as Caesar arrived in the senate, his
enemies stabbed him to death.
The death of Julius Caesar plunged Rome into a
new round of civil wars. Mark Antony, Caesar's chief
general, and Octavian (ahk TAH vee uhn), Caesar's
gran
Cleopatra of Egypt.
in the
murderers. The two men soon quarreled, setting
another bitter struggle for power. In 31 B.C.,
Octa
finally defeated Antony and his powerful
a
DRAW
CONCLUSIONS How
did the military
structure of the late Roman republic contribute
to
rise of Julius Caesar?
ally, Que
title
The Roman Empire
of Augustus (aw GUHS tuhs), or Exalted One, and
The senate gave
the
triumphant Octavian the t
declared him princeps, or first citizen. Although
he was careful not to call himself king, a
title that
Romans
had hated since
Etruscan times,
Augustus
exercised absolute power and named
his s
Under Augustus, who ruled
until A.D. 14, the
500
-year-old republic came to an end. Romans
did
not know it at the time, but a
new
age had
dawned-the age of the Roman empire
. Augustus
just as a king would do.
was its first emperor.
successor
Augustus Reforms Government Through firm
but moderate policies, Augustus laid the
foundation
for a stable government, helping
Rome to
recover
from its endless civil wars
. He left the
senate in
place and created
an efficient, well-
trained civil
Comparing Struct
Two Consuls
9
annually elected
ROM
⚫ held equal power
>>
Senate
9
HIGH
GO
issued advisory decr
to magistrates and
• in practice, held
enormous power
• had about 300 me
Analyze Charts The
the Roman republic and t
of government would be
service to enforce the
open to men of talen
addition, he cement.
provinces to Rome b
of self-government.
Augustus also u
make the tax syste
or population coun
be records of all wh
postal service and
easier. He put the
temples and sent
Summarize