Based on Gullion & King (2020) Measuring effectiveness based on a reduction of complaints, uses of force or both, studies of El systems have had:
a. mixed, but generally positive results
b. mixed, but generally negative results
c. positive results in almost all studies of implementation
d. Results have been statistically insignificant in most cases
a. mixed, but generally positive results
b. mixed, but generally negative results
c. positive results in almost all studies of implementation
d. Results have been statistically insignificant in most cases